The Masa people, also called Masana, Banana, or Yagoua are a Chadic ethnic group that is found in Cameroon and Chad. They originated from Yemen, then migrated to Egypt before moving to Sudan. This was during the years when they avoided being converted to Islam. The Masa people, over time, have been famous for fishing and rearing cattle. In the early 800's, the Masa people left Sudan to lake Chad. They lived near the Chad border, and were targets of slave traders from Tripoli during the Middle Eastern slave trade. In order to escape from the slave traders, many of the Masa people crossed the Chad river to the geographical space now known as Cameroon. This marked the origin of the Masa tribe in Cameroon. As if the struggles during the Middle Eastern slave trade weren't enough, the Masa people were victims of the transatlantic slave trade, as they were vulnerable to the slave traders who came from Nigeria. They, however, remain celebrated for never participating in the slave trade, as they never sold their fellow Masa into any form of slavery. They also tried hard to resist capture. With an estimated population of 266,000 to 469,000, the majority of the Masa people reside in Cameroon, with most of them speaking Masana, the language of the Masa people. While 45% of the population are Muslims, another 45% are Christians, among which 30% are Catholics or Protestants, while 15%  are Evangelical Christians. In recent years, the Masa people have been more active in livestock farming. There have been several battles between the Cameroonian and Chadian livestock farmers, leaving many wounded.
These battles were usually because some of the farmers were accused of stealing cows. These battles were also owing to the fact that the Masa people are passionate about their livestock. This reflects its importance in social relations and exchanges. For instance, livestock is used as bride price in Masa communities.

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Today in Chad nomadism is still a way of life for many pastoralist ethnic groups such as Arabs, Tubus, Wodaabe or Fulattas groups.
Irregular seasonal rains and recurrent droughts make mobility the only viable route for these Sahelians.
Men or even entire families, along with hundreds and hundreds of animals, carry out transhumance every year. In the dry season they move from the north of the country to the south and return in the rainy season to the more arid regions of northern Chad.

Today in Chad nomadism is still a way of life for many pastoralist ethnic groups such as Arabs, Tubus, Wodaabe or Fulani.

https://kumakonda.com/peoples-....and-cultures-of-chad

Chad, so named after the second largest lake in Africa, Lake Chad, is a country in central Africa.
It is the fifth largest country in Africa by land mass and is home to numerous ethnic groups.

Since independence, Chad had seen one brutal despot after another, and one of them was Hissène Habré who seized power by force in 1982 and quickly became the architect of a terrible repression in the central African nation.

*******************************************************************
Sources:

To Catch a Dictator - The Pursuit and Trial of Hissène Habré, By Reed Brody

https://www.africanews.com/202....1/08/24/who-was-hiss

https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/....05/03/qa-case-hissen

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/0....8/24/world/africa/hi

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-18927845

https://www.justiceinfo.net/en..../81125-hissene-habre

https://www.britannica.com/pla....ce/Chad/Continuing-c

https://apnews.com/article/afr....ica-health-coronavir

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#HisseneHabre #Chad #Gaddafi

AFRICAN COUNTRY CHAD || THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT CHAD COUNTRY BEFORE VISIT ||

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Top 10 Things You Didn’t Know About Chad
Hello Displorers, welcome to another exciting video presented to you by Displore and thanks for watching. In this video, we shall be looking at the top things you didn’t know about chad.Chad is a landlocked country in north-central Africa bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon to the south-west, Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west.Chad has several regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanian Savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad, after which the country is named, is the largest wetland in Chad and the second-largest in Africa. The capital N'Djamena is the largest city, official languages are Arabic and French but Chad is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. Chad remains plagued by political violence and recurrent attempted coups d'état. Chad is one of the poorest and most corrupt countries in the world; most inhabitants live in poverty as subsistence herders and farmers. Since 2003 crude oil has become the country's primary source of export earnings, superseding the traditional cotton industry. Chad has a poor human rights record, with frequent abuses such as arbitrary imprisonment, extrajudicial killings, and limits on civil liberties by both security forces and armed militias.

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Here are top 10 things you probably didn’t know about chad.

1. Chad Is Named After Its Most Popular Lake, Lake Chad.
Lake Chad used to be the seventh largest lake in the world and the fourth largest in Africa. However, due to advanced desertification and low rainfall, it has shrunk to less than 10% of its former size and volume. Lake Chad is however the largest lake in the Chad Basin. The freshwater lake that touches base with Nigeria, Cameroon, and Niger is where the country got its name.

2. Crude Oil Is its Economy’s Engine
The oil rich nation was first known for its cotton which brought significant wealth to the nation before the discovery of oil in 2003.The first oil pipeline runs through Cameroon, connecting the Doba Basin to the port of Kribi producing 94,000barrels of crude oil daily.Chad's energy sector has had years of mismanagement by the parastatal Chad Water and Electric Society, which provides power for 15% of the capital's citizens and covers only 1.5% of the national population. Most Chadians burn biomass fuels such as wood and animal manure for power which is such a pity for a country rich enough to more than provide energy for its citizens. Hopefully, the Inga dam project will spin the energy fate of the country around.

Chad , officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It borders Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. Due to its distance from the sea and its largely desert climate, the country is sometimes referred to as the "Dead Heart of Africa".
Prehistory
The territory now known as Chad possesses some of the richest archaeological sites in Africa. A hominid skull was found by Michel Brunet, that is more than 7 million years old, the oldest discovered anywhere in the world; it has been given the name Sahelanthropus tchadensis. In 1996 Michel Brunet had unearthed a hominid jaw which he named Australopithecus bahrelghazali, and unofficially dubbed Abel. It was dated using Beryllium based Radiometric dating as living circa. 3.6 million years ago.

During the 7th millennium BC, the northern half of Chad was part of a broad expanse of land, stretching from the Indus River in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, in which ecological conditions favored early human settlement. Rock art of the "Round Head" style, found in the Ennedi region, has been dated to before the 7th millennium BC and, because of the tools with which the rocks were carved and the scenes they depict, may represent the oldest evidence in the Sahara of Neolithic industries. Many of the pottery-making and Neolithic activities in Ennedi date back further than any of those of the Nile Valley to the east.

In the prehistoric period, Chad was much wetter than it is today, as evidenced by large game animals depicted in rock paintings in the Tibesti and Borkou regions.

Chad also known as the Republic of Chad is situated in Central Africa. It borders Libya, Sudan, Central Africa Republic, Cameroon, Nigeria, Niger to the north, east, south, southwest, west respectively. It is called the Dead Heart of Africa for its hot climate and distance from the sea. The capital of Chad is N'Djamena. The population of Chad as of 2018 is over 15 million. The lingua franca of the Chadians are Arabic and French and there are over 200 ethnic groups in Chad with 51.8% being Muslims and 41.4% Christians. Islam and Christianity are the main religions practiced by the Chadians, though the Islamic religion is predominant. Some of the ethnic groups include;  Arab, Kanembu, Masalit, Toubou, Masa,  Bidio,  Boulala, Marba, Dadjo,  Moundang. There's a division between North and South in Chad that changed the politics in the country. Muslim nomadic farmers dominate the Northern part of Chad, while the Christian Farmers dominate the Southern part. Ouadai, Baguimi, and Kanem- Bornu were the three Kingdoms until it was compressed into one country called Chad.
 There was an intruder from Sudan who fought against the three Kingdoms. Then France took over Chad from the Sudanese. The National Liberation Front of Chad (FROLINAT) was formed when rebellion arose in the Northern part of Chad. This occurred in 1965. It got intense when Boroku-Ennedi-Tibesti (BET) allied with FROLINAT.

Symposium "Umgang mit kolonialen Straßennamen in Hamburg" (Staatsarchiv Hamburg, 16./17.09.2021)

Prof. Dr. Oswald Masebo (University of Dar es Salaam): Tanzanian Perspectives on German Colonial History

The Maasai tribe is a semi-nomadic ethnic group located in Kenya and Tanzania, East Africa. Dance plays a significant role in their culture and is used to celebrate important occasions such as births, weddings, and initiations. The Maasai also have major festivals, such as Eunoto, which marks the transition of young men into adulthood, and Enkang oo-nkiri, a thanksgiving ceremony for their cattle. Maasai culture is centered around their love for cattle, which they consider to be a measure of wealth and status. Their traditional way of life is characterized by semi-nomadic pastoralism, with the men responsible for herding and protecting the cattle and the women responsible for domestic chores.

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JICA marks its 60th anniversary of its cooperation activities with Tanzania in 2022. The activities began in 1962, just one year after the independence of Tanganyika, when a single Government Official was accepted for technical training in Japan.
Since then, the activities of JICA continued to grow over the years and now include not only technical cooperation and Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers (JOCV), but also the provision of grant aid and concessionary loans. Over the 60 years, JICA’s activities have continued to grow and expand to support many social and economic development activities.JICA will carry out its activities in line with Tanzania's development plan.

Initially a colony of Germany, The United Republic of Tanzania attained independence from Britain on December 9, 1961, under the leadership of Julias Nyerere.

Germany colonized the region as German East Africa in 1891.Following the defeat of Germany in WW1, Tanganyika was handed over to the British under a League of Nations Mandate.

With time, various independence movements emerged, such as the Tanganyika Africa National Union (TANU), headed by Julius Nyerere. Support for TANU among the African population increased as disgruntlement with colonialism, and nationalist sentiments grew, leading to popular protests and riots.

As a result, the first Legislative Council elections with Universal suffrage were held in 1959, and TANU and its allies won all the elective seats. Following another election in 1960, Julius Nyerere was elected the country’s first Prime minister leading to independence the following year

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